The day after Israeli forces bombed a U.N. school complex in central Gaza, which was being used as a shelter for displaced Palestinians, there are still uncertainties and disagreements about what exactly happened. Israel claims to have targeted three classrooms used by 20 to 30 Palestinian militants, while Gazan health authorities report that many children and women were among the dozens killed. The multistory building was part of the UNRWA Nuseirat Boys’ Preparatory School and had become crowded with displaced people seeking shelter from the war. The Israeli military released the names of 17 Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad fighters killed in the strike, but witnesses, medical personnel, and Gazan officials claim that many civilians, including children and women, were also killed. The Israeli military insists that the airstrike was carefully planned and executed, targeting only the rooms used by militants, but there are accusations of excessive and indiscriminate force. The article highlights the difficult and complex nature of the conflict, with Hamas accused of using civilians and civilian infrastructure as shields, and Israel facing accusations of causing civilian casualties. The international laws of war prohibit the use of sites like hospitals and schools for military purposes, as well as the attacking of such sites, except in limited circumstances. Legal experts note that the murky nature of such operations depends on how civilian safety is ensured and how proportional the attack is to the military advantage gained.